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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

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coenzymeq10

Introduction:

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a natural antioxidant synthesized by the body, found in many foods, and available as a supplement. Many clinical studies demonstrate beneficial effects of CoQ10 supplementation for headaches, heart health, blood pressure, circulatory health, and supports optimal functioning of the heart muscle. CoQ10 may also help support the health of blood vessel walls. Some research has indicated therapeutic value in slowing the progression of dementia. In addition, CoQ10 may help improve fertility. It has been shown that statin cholesterol medications reduce the level of coenzyme Q10 in the body. CoQ10 as a supplement is either in the form of ubiquinone, or a reduced form, ubiquinol. Ubiqinone is oxidized to ubiquinol in the body. There is theory that the preferred form of CoQ10 is ubiquinol because it may be absorbed better than ubiquinone resulting in a lower dose requirement.

Since CoQ10 is fat soluable, it is absorbed better with oil either in the supplement itself, or taken with food containing oil. Cardiologist, Dr. Sinatra performed his own research in which he tested 12 patients for the absorption rates of ubiquinone vs. ubiquinol. He found that ubiquinol resulted in only slightly higher levels in most of the patients tested, concluded that ubiquinol is not worth the higher cost. (39)

Coenzyme Q10 and headache prophylaxis:

Coenzyme Q10 vs. placebo and dosage for migraines:

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated the effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for the treatment of migraines. For a month, 42 subjects consumed a placebo, and then some of the patients were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of a liquid, water-soluble form of CoQ10 (Q-Gel) 3 times/day (300 mg CoQ10 total) or placebo. Roughly 48% of the CoQ10 group experienced a 50% reduction in migraine attacks during the 3-month study, compared to only 14% of those taking a placebo. In addition, the patients treated with CoQ10 experienced fewer migraine attacks per month—3.2 after treatment compared to 4.4 before treatment—while the placebo group experienced no reduction in migraine frequency. CoQ10-treated subjects also experienced more headache-free days than the placebo group and fewer days with nausea. Side-effects were so minimal CoQ10 may safely be used in children and in women who may become pregnant. (1)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and migraines during pregnancy:

Women suffering from migraine headaches during pregnancy may benefit from supplements such as magnesium, riboflavin and coenzyme Q10. In addition to relaxation techniques and acupuncture these supplements are considered safe during pregnancy for the treatment of migraine headaches. (2)

 

Consider coenzyme Q10 and these other supplements for headaches:

Research shows that some diet modifications and supplements decrease the frequency of headaches. A detailed study of nutritional history and identification of food triggers led the authors to specifically recommend the following supplements in the preventive treatment of migraines: magnesium, Petasites hybridus, feverfew, coenzyme Q10, riboflavin and alpha lipoic acid. (3) These supplements are covered in more details elsewhere in Preventive Health Advisor.

 

Coenzyme Q10 and blood pressure:

Effectiveness of coenzyme Q10 in hypertension: A systematic review on effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 in hypertension: In a systematic review done by Rosenfeldt, F L et al, CoQ10 supplementation in 8 trials showed an average decrease in systolic blood pressure of 16 mmHg and a10 mm Hg average decrease in diastolic blood pressure. (5)

A review of trials with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for hypertension: A review of published trials of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for high blood pressure (hypertension) was conducted and resulted in a meta-analysis including 12 clinical trials (3 randomized controlled trials [RTCs, n=120], 1 crossover study [n=18], and 8 open label studies [n=214]). These trials compared CoQ10 with placebo. In the RTCs, CoQ10 resulted in average decreases of SBP by 16.6 mmHg and DBP by 8.2 mmHg more than placebo. SBP decreased by 11 mmHg and DBP by 8 mmHg in the crossover study with CoQ10 administration, with no significant change reported with placebo. In the open label studies CoQ10 resulted in average decreases of SBP by 13.5 mmHg and DBP by 10.3 mmHg more than placebo. (6)

 

Coenzyme Q10 in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease:

Fifty-nine patients who had coronary artery disease and who had been on antihypertensive drugs receive oral administration of either B-complex vitamins or coenzyme Q10 60 mg/d. After 8 weeks of therapy, the coenzyme Q10 group had significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure than the placebo group. HDL cholesterol, vitamins A, C, E and beta-carotene showed a significant increase after use of Q10. B-vitamin complex only increased vitamin C and beta-carotene. (7)

 

Coenzyme Q10, blood pressure, and cholesterol:

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) may be effective in reducing blood pressure and cholesterol. In this study 26 individuals with high blood pressure were supplemented with CoQ10 at a dose of 50 mg twice daily for 10 weeks. At the end of the treatment with CoQ10, CoQ10 levels increased by 0.94 mcg per ml, systolic blood pressure decreased from an average of 164.5 mmHg to 146.7 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure decreased from an average of 98.1 mmHg to 86.1 mmHg. Average total cholesterol decreased slightly, from 222 mg/dL to 213 mg/dL, while there was no significant change in HDL cholesterol levels (41.1 mg/dL to 43.1 mg/dL). (8)

 

Small study on effects of coenzyme Q10 taken by healthy patients:

A study that included 26 healthy individuals (average age, 24 years), found that coenzyme Q10 (Q10) supplementation (50 mg) had no effect on results of an electrocardiographic (ECG), which checks the heart’s electrical activity, but slightly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 2 mmHg. This increase only lasted a short time. (9)

 

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for hypertension, dose, and monitoring requirements:

Based on a review of published studies on coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for hypertension researchers found that CoQ10 lowered systolic blood pressure by up to 17 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by up to 10 mm Hg. Additionally, CoQ10 doses have increased from 34 mg/day in the early trials to 225 mg/day in the later ones. Rosenfeldt, FL et al performed a meta-analysis which noted that Co-Q10 was used to control blood pressure gradually over months by using doses of 75–360 mg daily to attain a therapeutic level of CoQ10 over >2.0 mcg/ml.  Since absorption of CoQ10 varies with the preparation used and patient response varies, monitoring CoQ10 levels in the blood to guide dosage is desirable. Another factor complicating CoQ10 therapy is the use of statins which are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels. Statins inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and CoQ10 through the same mechanism. In conclusion, CoQ10 lowers blood pressure and optimal dose can be patient dependent. (10)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and isolated systolic hypertension:

Burke et al. conducted a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, consisting of 46 men and 37 women with isolated systolic hypertension. Participants received a twice-daily administration of 60 mg of oral coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Blood pressures were monitored twice weekly. The average reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the isolated systolic hypertension CoQ10 group after 12 weeks of treatment was 17.8 mm Hg. There were no significant orthostatic changes in SBP (refers to blood pressure change when standing up or stretching) in any of the patients. These findings suggest that CoQ10 may be a safe alternative treatment option for hypertensive individuals. (11)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and use of cholesterol lowering drugs:

Coenzyme Q10 levels after 3 months use of cholesterol lowering drugs: Taking statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin), prescribed to lower a person’s cholesterol level, have been demonstrated to lower the amount of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the blood, in as little as 3 months on standard doses. Forty-two participants being treated for high cholesterol were administered atorvastatin 10 mg (n = 10) and 20 mg (n = 7), simvastatin, 10 mg (n = 5) and 20 mg (n = 10), or pravastatin, 20 mg (n = 5) and 40 mg (n = 5). At the end of the study, these drug not only inhibited the body’s internal production of cholesterol but also the body’s production of coQ10. (13)

In a group of 45 patients beginning treatment with 80 mg oral atorvastatin (a statin drug to reduce cholesterol levels), the average concentration of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the blood decreased within 14 days, and had fallen by approximately 50% after 30 days of treatment. The mean CoQ10 concentration was reduced from 1.26 micrograms per milliliter to 0.62 micrograms per milliliter. Lower CoQ10 levels appear to be a major contributor to muscle pain, exercise intolerance and myoglobinuria (reddish urine associated with the breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers). (14)

In a supplement review, coenzyme Q10 was described to be potentially useful in patients for the conversion of food into energy. CoQ10 may also be used to treat and enhance the effect of lipid-lowering medications used by patients with high cholesterol. (15)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and heart failure:

Low levels of coenzyme Q10 have been linked with heart failure and multiple clinical trials have suggested benefits from coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation. Oral coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation was analyzed in several double-blind trials and was found to have positive clinical benefit and using daily supplements of up to 200 mg CoQ10 for 6-12 months and 100 mg/d for up to 6 years have reported no major adverse effects. (12)

Coenzyme Q10 and long-term therapy in cardiomyopathy NYHA Classes III and IV: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) was found to be safe and effective long-term therapy in 143 people with chronic cardiomyopathy (diseases of the heart muscle), 98% of whom were in NYHA Classes III and IV. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification provides a simple way of classifying the extent of heart failure into four classes, with the highest (IV) being the worst. In addition to conventional medical treatment, study participants were given 100 mg of CoQ10 orally. Blood CoQ10 levels, clinical status, myocardial (heart) function and survival were recorded in a 6-year open-label study. In 3 months, mean CoQ10 levels rose to 2 micrograms/ml from 0.85 micrograms/ml. Mean ejection fraction which is a measurement of how well the heart is pumping increased from 44% to 60% in 6 months and stabilized at that level with a majority of patients showing statistically significant improvement. NYHA class in 85% of patients improved by one or two. Survival was estimated at 11.1% mortality in 12 months and 17.8% mortality in 24 months. There was also no evidence of toxicity or intolerance in 368.9 patient-years of exposure. (17)

Coenzyme Q10, ejection fraction, cardiac output, and classification of cardiomyopathy: The effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on ejection fractions, cardiac output, and improvements in functional classifications (NYHA) in 88 patients with cardiomyopathy (diseases related weakness of the heart muscle) were studied. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification provides a simple way of classifying the extent of heart failure into 4 classes, with the highest being the worst. Of the 88 patients, 75%-85% showed statistically significant increases in two cardiac parameters. Patients with the lowest ejection fractions which is a measurement of how well the heart is pumping (approx. 10%-30%) showed the highest increases (115 delta %-210 delta %) and those with higher ejection fractions (50%-80%) showed increases of about 10 delta %-25 delta % on therapy. Delta % is the response during exercise. By functional classification, 17 out of 21 in class IV, 52 out of 62 in class III, and 4 out of 5 in class II improved to lower classes.  Forty-eight percent of patients in class IV, 42% in class III, and 40% in class II had very low control blood levels of CoQ10. In summary, CoQ10 therapy appears to have the greatest effect in patients with blood levels at about 2.5 micrograms CoQ10/ml and higher during therapy. (18)

Coenzyme Q10, stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, cardiac index, and end-diastolic volume index in heart failure: A meta-analysis by Soja and Mortensen that included 8 double-blind placebo-controlled studies reported a significant improvement in stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, cardiac index, and end-diastolic volume index, as a result of CoQ10 supplementation. (34)

Coenzyme Q10, ejection fraction, and cardiac output: A meta-analysis of coenzyme Q10 supplementation and ejection fraction: Sander et al authored a meta-analysis of 11 studies with CoQ10 doses ranging from 60 to 200 mg/day and treatment periods ranging from 1 to 6 months. Sander et al. reported a 3.7% net improvement in the ejection fraction and an average increase in cardiac output of 0.28 l/min. (33)

Coenzyme Q10 levels and survival: Molyneux and colleagues was the first to formally study the relationship between CoQ10 and outcomes of CHF in a longitudinal observational study which included 236 heart failure patients with a median age of 77 years. Plasma samples were analyzed for CoQ10 and other factors. Over the 5.75 year follow-up period, 39% of the participants who had CoQ10 levels lower than 0.63 micrograms per milliliter died, compared with only 22% of those whose levels were higher. This study also indicated that those with lower CoQ10 were 67% more likely to die. These findings suggested that CoQ10 levels are an independent predictor of survival in chronic heart failure patients. (19)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and coronary artery disease:

Yalcin et al. indicated that a relation between low plasma coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) concentration and coronary artery disease (CAD) exists. In this study, levels of plasma CoQ10 and the ratios of CoQ10 to plasma lipids in 64 patients with CAD and 34 healthy individuals were analyzed. CoQ10 concentrations in patients with CAD and healthy individuals were found to be 0.41 and 0.77 micromol/l, respectively (p < 0.01). Additionally, compared to healthy individuals, patients with CAD had a significantly lower ratio of CoQ10 to low density lipoprotein (LDL) (p < 0.01). (20)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and acute myocardial infarction:

Treatment with coenzyme Q10 (120 mg per day) for 28 days in 73 patients (Q10 group) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) resulted in a significant reduction in cardiac events (heart death and nonfatal heart attack) with use of coenzyme Q10. Compared to placebo, Q10 reduced cardiac events (15% vs 30.9%), chest pain that occurs when the heart is not getting enough blood (9.5 vs 28.1), irregular heartbeat (9.5% vs. 25.3%), and poor left ventricular function (8.2% vs. 22.5%). (16)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and vascular endothelial function:

Endothelial dysfunction occurs after a substance acts upon the endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels to cause and imbalance of contraction and dilation. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. A meta-analysis examining the results of five randomized controlled trials, including 194 subjects, found that supplemental coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) resulted in a clinically significant, 1.7% increase in flow-dependent endothelial-mediated dilation. These findings suggest CoQ10 supplementation is associated with significant endothelial function improvement and provides evidence for use in patients with endothelial dysfunction. (28)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and breast cancer:

Patients with breast cancer (n=32, aged 32-81 yrs) were treated with standard therapeutic treatment plus ANICA protocol which contained 2850 mg vitamin C, 2,500 IU vitamin E, 32.5 IU ß-carotene, 387 mcg selenium, 1.2 g gamma-linolenic acid, 3.5 g omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil, and 90 mg coenzyme Q10). All 32 patients survived the 18 months follow-up. None showed further evidence of distal metastasis. Participants reported no weight loss and a reduced use of pain killers. Remission was also reported in 6 patients. (21)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and chronic kidney failure:

Twenty-one individuals with chronic renal (kidney) failure either on or off dialysis were randomized to received coenzyme Q10 at 60 mg, 3 times daily (n=11) or placebo (n=10) for 4 weeks. At the end of the study period, significantly less participants were on dialysis in the coenzyme Q10 group (36.2%) than in the placebo group (90.0%).There was also a significant reduction in levels of creatinine and blood urea and a significant increase in creatinine clearance and urine output in the coenzyme Q10 group, indicating an increase in kidney function, versus the placebo group. (22)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and dementia:

Coenzyme Q10 and Alzheimer’s dementia:

In a randomized, double-blind, multi-center human study, 450 patients with mild to moderate dementia were given either placebo for 12 months, followed by 90 mg idebenone (a synthetic form of Coenzyme Q10) three times per day for another 12 months; 90 mg three times per day for 24 months; or 120 mg three times per day for 24 months. Significant dose-dependent improvements were seen in measurements of clinical cognitive status and tests (including the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale [ADAS-Total], ADAS cognitive and noncognitive score, the clinical global response) compared to placebo. In other words, as the dose of idebenone increase so did the benefits. These improvements continued over the 2-year study. (24)

Another study by Gutzman, found that idebenone had a greater improvement than tacrine in cognitive tests and more patients stopped taking tacrine (35). It is unclear whether treatment with coenzyme Q10 would compare to treatment with idebenone which is a synthetic drug available by prescription.

De Bustos, F et al found that co-enzyme Q10) levels were similar in Alzheimer’s patients, and patients with vascular dementia when compared to controls (36).

 

Coenzyme Q10 and Parkinson’s disease:

The response of daily oral application of 360 mg coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on 28 treated and stable Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients was examined for 4 weeks in this monocenter, parallel group, placebo controlled, double-blind trial. The two measures of interested included scored PD symptoms and visual function, measured with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test (FMT). The Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue Test tests the ability to discriminate between various shades of a given color. Compared to placebo, CoQ(10) supplementation provided a significant (p=0.01) mild symptomatic benefit on PD symptoms and a significantly (p=0.008) better improvement of FMT performance. In conclusion CoQ(10) supplementation resulted in a beneficial effect in PD patients. (23)

Liu, J et al performed a Cochrane Database Systematic Review including 4 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with 452 patients and determined that coenzyme Q10 at a dose of 1200 mg daily for 16 weeks improved activities of daily living ADLs) as assessed by the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Schwab and England scales (a means of assessing ADLs in terms of speed and independence through a percentage figure) (37).

 

Coenzyme Q10 and exercise:

Coenzyme Q10 and exercise capacity: Rosenfeldt F, et al performed a systematic review of the effects of coenzyme Q10 in physical exercise, hypertension and heart failure. The authors found 6 trials which found that coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) may improve exercise capacity. However, 5 other different trials showed no benefit of CoQ10 on exercise capacity. (25)

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and sports performance: The Australian Sports Commission produced a review entitled “Supplements and Sports foods,” by Burke and Deakin which was published in Clinical Sports Nutrition, 4th ED. This source reviewed multiple studies in which coenzyme Q10 used for exercise performance. There was only 1 study out of 5 quality trials reviewed (although some were small trials) which showed an improvement in VO2 max during coenzyme Q10 supplementation and an increase in aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. The remaining studies reviewed showed lack of improvement in aerobic power, no effect on maximal oxygen uptake or muscle energy metabolism, minimal improvement of performance sustained through recovery. (26)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and malignant melanoma progression:

Abnormally low coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) plasma levels may be a strong indicator of metastasis in patients with melanoma (skin cancer). Rusciani investigated the usefulness of predicting the risk of metastasis based on the CoQ10 plasma levels of patients with skin cancer. One hundred seventeen patients with primary cutaneous melanoma and 125 healthy volunteers were followed for 7.5 years. Researchers measured the plasma CoQ10 levels every three to six months, setting the threshold at 0.6mg/L to divide plasma CoQ10 levels into high and low groups. The results showed that 32.5% of the melanoma patients developed metastasis during the follow-up period and CoQ10 levels were significantly higher in the control group. The group of melanoma patients who developed metastasis had significantly lower values of CoQ10 levels than the patients who did not develop metastasis. These results indicated that baseline CoQ10 levels are a powerful and predictive factor that may be used to estimate the risk for melanoma progression. (27)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and cerebellar ataxia:

Cerebellar ataxia is a complex motor problem that can occur as a result of many diseases and presents with symptoms of an inability to coordinate balance and movement. Concentrations of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) were measured in muscle biopsies of 135 patients with genetically undefined cerebellar ataxia. CoQ10 levels were found to be much lower in 13 patients with childhood-onset ataxia and cerebellar atrophy suffering from seizures, developmental delay, mental retardation, and pyramidal signs (the pyramidal system controls all of our voluntary movements). The authors conclude that these findings show the existence of an ataxic presentation of CoQ10 deficiency that may be responsive to CoQ10 supplementation. (29)

 

Coenzyme Q10 and male fertility:

In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 212 infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia (reduction in both sperm count and motility), supplementation with 300 mg/day coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for a period of 26 weeks was found to significantly improve sperm density and motility. CoQ10 is present in seminal fluid and its concentration has a direct impact on sperm count and motility. Duration of supplementation with coenzyme Q10 was positively associated with sperm count and sperm motility. In addition, mean acrosome (caplike, membrane-bound structure covering the anterior portion of the head of a sperm) reaction increased from 14% to 31% in the CoQ10 group and from 15% to only 16% in the placebo group. CoQ10 supplementation may be beneficial to certain semen parameters, but further studies are needed. (30)

Balercia et al. examined the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on 22 men, age 25 to 39, with idiopathic asthenozoospermia (reduction in sperm motility). In the six-month study, the subjects consumed 200 mg of CoQ10 twice daily. After treatment, CoQ10 levels significantly increased in seminal plasma. In addition, CoQ10 levels in sperm cells significantly increased. Furthermore, phosphatidylcholine levels rose significantly in both seminal plasma and sperm cells. Sperm forward motility also increased after CoQ10 treatment, from 9% at baseline to 16% after treatment. Other improvements in the male’s sperm also were noted after treatment. Six months after the CoQ10 treatment stopped, sperm forward motility was significantly reduced from 16% back to 9.5%. The authors conclude that CoQ10 may be beneficial in the treatment of asthenozoospermia. (31)

 

Coenzyme Q10 Adverse Reactions and Interactions:

Coenzyme Q10 side-effects were minimal when used by many age groups and may safely be used in children and in women who may become pregnant (1). Allergic skin rash after taking coenzyme Q10 has been reported (4). A study demonstrated that warfarin was cleared more rapidly by coenzyme Q10 which reduced the effect of anticoagulation (32), therefore if coenzyme Q10 is taken with warfarin, PT INR (prothrombin time international normalized ratio) will need to be monitored especially in the 1st 2 weeks of CoQ10 supplementation and warfarin may need to be increased.

 

Coenzyme Q10 food content in mg per kilogram, adapted from Pravst, I et al. (38):

Soybean oil, 54–280 mg/kg

Olive oil, 4–160 mg/kg

Beef, 26-40 mg/kg

Pork, 14-45 mg/kg

Sunflower oil, 4–15 mg/kg

Peanuts, 27 mg/kg

Walnuts, 19 mg/kg

Sesame seeds, 18–23 mg/kg

Pistachio nuts, 20 mg/kg

Hazelnuts, 17 mg/kg

Avocados, 10 mg/kg

Parsley, 8–26 mg/kg

Broccoli, 6–9 mg/kg

Spinach, as high as 10 mg/kg

Grapes, 6–7 mg/kg

Sardines, wide range about 5 to 60 mg/kg

Fish with white filet, 11–16 mg/kg

Salmon, 4–8 mg/kg

Tuna, 5 mg/kg

Currants, 3 mg/kg

Oranges, 1–2 mg/kg

 

 

Assessment and Plan: Coenzyme Q10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References:

1.Sándor PS, Di Clemente L, Coppola G, Saenger U, Fumal A, Magis D, Seidel L, Agosti RM, Schoenen J. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2005 Feb 22;64(4):713-5. http://paininmybrain.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/efficacy-of-coenzyme-q10.pdf

 

2.Airola G, Allais G, Castagnoli Gabellari I, Rolando S, Mana O, Benedetto C. Non-pharmacological management of migraine during pregnancy. Neurol Sci. 2010 Jun;31 Suppl 1:S63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464586

 

3.Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A., Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches. Clinical Journal of Pain. 2009 Jun;25(5):446-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19454881

 

4.Sándor PS, Di Clemente L, Coppola G, Saenger U, Fumal A, Magis D, Seidel L, Agosti RM, Schoenen J. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2005 Feb 22;64(4):713-5. http://paininmybrain.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/efficacy-of-coenzyme-q10.pdf

 

5.Rosenfeldt F, Hilton D, Pepe S, Krum H. Systematic review of effect of coenzyme Q10 in physical exercise, hypertension and heart failure. Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):91-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695924

 

6.Rosenfeldt F L, Haas S J, Krum H, Hadj A, Ng K, Leong J Y, Watts G F. Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials. Journal of Human Hypertension 2007 Apr; 21(4): 297-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287847

 

7.Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Shukla PK, Thakur AS. Effect of hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 on blood pressures and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. J Hum Hypertens. 1999 Mar;13(3):203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10204818

 

8.Digiesi V, Cantini F, Oradei A, et al. Coenzyme Q10 in essential hypertension. Mol Aspects Med. 1994;15:S257-S263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7752838

 

9.Shah SA, Sander S, Cios D, Lipeika J, Kluger J, White CM. Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of coenzyme Q10 in healthy individuals: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Mar;41(3):420-5. Epub 2007 Mar 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17341532

 

10.Rosenfeldt FL, Haas SJ, Krum H, Hadj A, Ng K, Leong JY, Watts GF. Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2007 Apr;21(4):297-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287847

 

11.Burke BE, Neuenschwander R, Olson RD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertension. South Med J. 2001 Nov;94(11):1112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11780680

 

12.Overvad K, Diamant B, Holm L, Holmer G, Mortensen SA, Stender S. Coenzyme Q10 in health and disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Oct;53(10):764-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10556981

 

13.Passi S, Stancato A, Aleo E, Dmitrieva A, Littarru GP. Statins lower plasma and lymphocyte ubiquinol/ubiquinone without affecting other antioxidants and PUFA. Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):113-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=14695926

 

14.Rundek T, Naini A, Sacco R, Coates K, DiMauro S. Atorvastatin decreases the coenzyme Q10 level in the blood of patients at risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004 Jun;61(6):889-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=15210526

 

15.Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Comparative Effectiveness of Dietary Supplement Versus No Dietary Supplement Use in Adults Taking Cardiovascular Drugs. April 2012. http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/ehc/products/223/596/DietarySupplement_Amended_Protocol_20110428.pdf

 

16.Singh RB, Wander GS, Rastogi A, et al. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1998;12(4):347-353. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9825179

 

17.Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen PH, Folkers K. A six-year clinical study of therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Int J Tissue React. 1990;12(3):169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2276895

 

18.Langsjoen PH, Folkers K, Lyson K, Muratsu K, Lyson T, Langsjoen P. Effective and safe therapy with coenzyme Q10 for cardiomyopathy. Klin Wochenschr. 1988 Jul 1;66(13):583-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3062263

 

19.Molyneux SL, Florkowski CM, George PM, et al. Coenzyme Q10. An independent predictor of mortality in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Oct 28;52:1435-41. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109708027228

 

20.Yalcin A, Kilinc E, Sagcan A, Kultursay H. Coenzyme Q10 concentrations in coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem. 2004 Aug;37(8):706-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15302616

 

21.Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Hanioka T, Folkers K. Apparent partial remission of breast cancer in “high risk” patients supplemented with nutritional antioxidants, essential fatty acids and CoQ10. EiMol Aspects Med. 1994;15 Suppl:s231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7752835

 

22.Singh RB, Khanna HK, Niaz MA. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in chronic renal failure: discovery of a new role. J Nutr Environ Med. 2000;10(4):281-288. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13590840020013266?journalCode=cjne

 

23.Müller T, Büttner T, Gholipour AF, Kuhn W. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2003 May 8;341(3):201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12697283

 

24.Gutzmann H, Hadler D. Sustained efficacy and safety of idebenone in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: update on a 2-year double-blind multicentre study. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1998;54:301-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9850939

 

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