Iron deficiency:
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for iron deficiency in pregnant women without symptoms of anemia, but also consider screening any adult females, immigrants, teenage females, those with obesity, fad diets or those clinically concerning to be at high risk for iron deficiency (38). Iron deficiency while pregnant may contribute to lower birth weight and may lead to poor mental development of the child (6). Iron supplements should be given to iron deficient pregnant women but excessive iron from supplements can be harmful (6). Vegetarian women are also at higher risk of iron deficiency and should be screened, but men are generally not susceptible (7).
Mammography screening:
For women aged 50 to 74 years the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends mammography screening every two years (biennial), for women younger than 50 years, biennial screening should be based on individual patient history, and The USPSTF recommends against teaching breast self-examination (51). However, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) signed into law by President Obama signed in 2010 supports the previous USPSTF recommendation of mammography every 1-2 years after age 40 (40). According to the USPSTF, clinicians are recommended to talk about the benefits and harms of using chemoprevention for women at high risk for breast cancer and who have a low risk of adverse effects of chemoprevention, and the use of tamoxifen or raloxifene routinely for the primary prevention of breast cancer in women at low or average risk of breast cancer is not advised by the USPSTF (50). The BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations place women at higher risk of breast and ovarian cancers and women with a family history of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or at high risk of this mutation are recommended by the USPSTF for genetic counseling and evaluation for testing of this mutation (41).
Breast feeding:
Breast feeding an infant is highly recommended and supported by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) instead of using formula or cow’s milk. Pump breast milk to provide breast milk to the infant when the mother cannot be with the baby. When breast milk cannot be used for any reason, use a formula with hydrolyzed whey.
Pap smear:
In 21-65 year old women, a cytology screening is strongly recommended by the USPSTF every 3 years or a cytology plus HPV test every 5 years may be done instead for women between the age of 30 and 65 (42). The USPSTF recommends against cervical cancer screening in women: a) younger than age 21 years; b) older than age 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer; and c) who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and who do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion or cervical cancer (52). Additionally, in women younger than age 30 years, the USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer with HPV testing, alone or in combination with cytology (52).
Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis:
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that sexually active women or pregnant women 24 years old or younger or those at high risk should be screened for chlamydia and the same population 25 years old or younger should be screened for gonorrhea (37). All pregnant women should also be screened for syphilis infection (23). High risk is considered by the USPSTF as history of STD (sexually transmitted disease), or have new or multiple sexual partners with inconsistent condom use whether pregnant or not. For women not at increased risk, the USPSTF recommends against routine screening for chlamydial and gonorrhea infection for all women aged 25 and older. The USPSTF also notes that a higher prevalence of infection is seen in African-American women, Hispanic women, incarcerated populations, military recruits, and patients at public STD clinics. These patients may also be given higher priority to be screened for chlamydial and gonorrhea infection. (37)
Folic acid:
Folic acid is the most important of all prenatal vitamins. If any woman is able to become pregnant, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a daily supplement of folic acid at a dose of 0.4-0.8 mg per day to prevent the possibility of neural tube defects (44).
Cholesterol:
According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), all women over 20 years old with risk factors for coronary artery disease should be evaluated for high cholesterol, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and other dyslipidemia. The USPSTF considers increased risk to be diabetes, personal history of coronary heart disease or non-coronary atherosclerosis including examples of abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, carotid artery stenosis, family history of cardiovascular disease before age 50 in male relatives or age 60 in female relatives, tobacco use, hypertension, and obesity with a BMI ≥30. According to the USPSTF, a cholesterol profile should be checked every 5 years but with more frequent testing for those needing treatment or if close to needing treatment. (18)
Osteoporosis:
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that all women should receive screening for osteoporosis if over 65 years old and also in younger women if the a risk of fracture is the same or more than a white woman without any risk factors (20).
Ischemic stroke prevention in women:
For women age 55 to 79 years, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) strongly recommends aspirin when the potential benefit due to a reduction in ischemic strokes (which occur when an artery to the brain is blocked) is more beneficial than the potential harm that may occur due to gastrointestinal hemorrhage. For stroke prevention in women 55 years or younger the USPSTF recommends against the use of aspirin. According to the USPSTF, there is insufficient evidence to determine the risk verses benefit of taking aspirin by men and women over 79 years of age for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. (43)
Domestic violence:
According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), women of childbearing age are recommended to receive screening for intimate partner violence, such as domestic violence, and subsequent intervention. (53)
References:
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16.Screening for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsdiab.htm
17.Screening for High Blood Pressure in Adults, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspshype.htm
18.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Lipid Disorders in Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. June 2008. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/lipid/lipidrs.htm
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20.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Osteoporosis: Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication No. 10-05145-EF-2, January 2011. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf10/osteoporosis/osteors.htm
21.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Rh (D) Incompatibility: Recommendation Statement. February 2004. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/3rduspstf/rh/rhrs.htm
22.American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 75: Management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. 2006 Aug;108(2):457-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880320
23.Screening for Syphilis Infection in Pregnancy, Topic Page. May 2009. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspssyphpg.htm
24.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Syphilis Infection: Recommendation Statement. July 2004. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/3rduspstf/syphilis/syphilrs.htm
25.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Counseling to Prevent Tobacco Use and Tobacco-Related Diseases: Recommendation Statement. November 2003. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/3rduspstf/tobacccoun/tobcounrs.htm
26.Screening for HIV, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspshivi.htm
27.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1 to 5: Clinical Summary of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. AHRQ Publication No. 11-05151-EF-3, January 2011. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf11/vischildren/vischildsum.htm
28.Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. March 2008. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscghy.htm
29.Ocular Prophylaxis for Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum, Topic Page. July 2011. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsgononew.htm
30.Screening for Phenylketonuria (PKU), Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. March 2008. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsspku.htm
31.Screening for Sickle Cell Disease in Newborns, Topic Page. September 2007. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspshemo.htm
32.Nelson HD, Bougatsos C, Nygren P. Universal Newborn Hearing Screening: Systematic Review to Update the 2001 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. AHRQ Publication No. 08-05117-EF-4, July 2008. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/newbornhear/newbornart.htm
33.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0569-A, February 2005. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf05/aaascr/aaars.htm
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35.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Depression. May 2002. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/3rduspstf/depression/
36.Screening for Major Depressive Disorder in Children and Adolescents, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspschdepr.htm
37.Meyers, D., Wolff, T., Gregory, K., et al. USPSTF Recommendations for STI Screening. Originally published in Am Fam Physician 2008;77:819-824. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/methods/stinfections.htm
38.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia—Including Iron Supplementation for Children and Pregnant Women: Recommendation Statement. Publication No. AHRQ 06-0589, May 2006. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf06/ironsc/ironrs.htm
39.Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care to Reduce Alcohol Misuse, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsdrin.htm
40.Screening for Breast Cancer, Topic Page. July 2010. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrca.htm
41.Genetic Risk Assessment and BRCA Mutation Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility, Topic Page. April 2013. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrgen.htm
42.Liquid-Based Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Testing to Screen for Cervical Cancer. A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf11/cervcancer/cervcancerupd.htm
43.Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsasmi.htm
44.Folic Acid to Prevent Neural Tube Defects, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsnrfol.htm
45.Screening for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults, Topic Page. July 2008. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbact.htm
46.Lazarus, Ethan. AMA House of Delegates Adopts Policy to Recognize Obesity as a Disease. American Society of Bariatric Physicians. Last Updated on Friday, 21 June 2013. Accessed 8/29/2013. http://www.asbp.org/asbpmedia/newsreleases/71-asbparticle2-3.html
47.Screening for and Management of Obesity in Adults, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsobes.htm
48.Behavioral Counseling to Prevent Skin Cancer, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsskco.htm
49.Behavioral Counseling to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsstds.htm
50.Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer, Topic Page. July 2002. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrpv.htm
51.Screening for Breast Cancer, Topic Page. July 2010. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrca.htm
52.Screening for Cervical Cancer, Topic Page. April 2012. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscerv.htm
53.Screening for Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse of Elderly and Vulnerable Adults: Draft Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication No. 12-05167-EF-2. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf12/ipvelder/draftrecipvelder.htm
54.Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, Andrews KS, Brooks D, Bond J, Dash C, Giardiello FM, Glick S, Johnson D, Johnson CD, Levin TR, Pickhardt PJ, Rex DK, Smith RA, Thorson A, Winawer SJ; American Cancer Society Colorectal Cancer Advisory Group; US Multi-Society Task Force; American College of Radiology Colon Cancer Committee. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology. 2008 May;134(5):1570-95. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.002. Epub 2008 Feb 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18384785
55.Prevention of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsfalls.htm