(This information complements Preventive Healthcare for Adults.)
Cholesterol:
According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), men between the ages of 20 and 35 years old with risk factors for coronary artery disease and all men over 35 years old should be evaluated for high cholesterol, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and other dyslipidemia. The USPSTF considers increased risk to be diabetes, personal history of coronary heart disease or non-coronary atherosclerosis including examples of abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, carotid artery stenosis, family history of cardiovascular disease before age 50 in male relatives or age 60 in female relatives, tobacco use, hypertension, and obesity with a BMI ≥30. According to the USPSTF, a cholesterol profile should be checked every 5 years but with more frequent testing for those needing treatment or if close to needing treatment. (18)
Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm:
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends a one-time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) for men between the age of 65 and 75 who ever smoked in the past (33). There are specific risks associated with developing a AAA. To find out more about these risks, see the section on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) in Preventive Health Advisor.
References:
1.Preventive Services Recommended by the USPSTF: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2012. October 2011. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/guide/section1.html
2.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) TTY: (888) 232-6348 – Contact CDC–INFO. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/child-adolescent.html
3.Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Aug;39(8):1435-45. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/116/9/1094.full.pdf
4American Academy of Pediatrics, Rose SR; Section on Endocrinology and Committee on Genetics, American Thyroid Association, Brown RS; Public Health Committee, Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, Foley T, Kaplowitz PB, Kaye CI, Sundararajan S, Varma SK. Update of newborn screening and therapy for congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatrics. 2006 Jun;117(6):2290-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740880
5.American Academy of Pediatrics, Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. Year 2007 position statement: Principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs.Pediatrics. 2007 Oct;120(4):898-921. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908777
6.Hovdenak N, Haram K. Influence of mineral and vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012 Oct;164(2):127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22771225
7.Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. http://iom.edu/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRI_Elements.pdf
8.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) TTY: (888) 232-6348 – Contact CDC–INFO . http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html
9.Montenegro-Bethancourt G, Johner SA, Remer T. Contribution of fruit and vegetable intake to hydration status in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Aug 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23966431
10.Manz F, Wentz A. Hydration status in the United States and Germany. Nutr Rev. 2005 Jun;63(6 Pt 2):S55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16028572
11.Manz F, Wentz A. The importance of good hydration for the prevention of chronic diseases. Nutr Rev. 2005 Jun;63(6 Pt 2):S2-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16028566
12.Mason BJ, Salvato FR, Williams LD, Ritvo EC, Cutler RB.A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral nalmefene for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;56(8):719-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10435606
13.Kranzler HR, Wesson DR, Billot L; DrugAbuse Sciences Naltrexone Depot Study Group. Naltrexone depot for treatment of alcohol dependence: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Jul;28(7):1051-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15252291
14.Krampe H, Stawicki S, Wagner T, Bartels C, Aust C, Rüther E, Poser W, Ehrenreich H.Alcohol Clin Exp Res. Follow-up of 180 alcoholic patients for up to 7 years after outpatient treatment: impact of alcohol deterrents on outcome. 2006 Jan;30(1):86-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16433735
15.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication 08-05124-EF-3, October 2008. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/colocancer/colors.htm
16.Screening for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsdiab.htm
17.Screening for High Blood Pressure in Adults, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspshype.htm
18.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Lipid Disorders in Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. June 2008. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/lipid/lipidrs.htm
19.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnancy: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication No. 09-05134-EF-1, June 2009. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf09/hepb/hepbpgrs.htm
20.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Osteoporosis: Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication No. 10-05145-EF-2, January 2011. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf10/osteoporosis/osteors.htm
21.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Rh (D) Incompatibility: Recommendation Statement. February 2004. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/3rduspstf/rh/rhrs.htm
22.American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 75: Management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. 2006 Aug;108(2):457-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880320
23.Screening for Syphilis Infection in Pregnancy, Topic Page. May 2009. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspssyphpg.htm
24.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Syphilis Infection: Recommendation Statement. July 2004. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/3rduspstf/syphilis/syphilrs.htm
25.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Counseling to Prevent Tobacco Use and Tobacco-Related Diseases: Recommendation Statement. November 2003. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/3rduspstf/tobacccoun/tobcounrs.htm
26.Screening for HIV, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspshivi.htm
27.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1 to 5: Clinical Summary of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. AHRQ Publication No. 11-05151-EF-3, January 2011. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf11/vischildren/vischildsum.htm
28.Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. March 2008. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscghy.htm
29.Ocular Prophylaxis for Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum, Topic Page. July 2011. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsgononew.htm
30.Screening for Phenylketonuria (PKU), Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. March 2008. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsspku.htm
31.Screening for Sickle Cell Disease in Newborns, Topic Page. September 2007. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspshemo.htm
32.Nelson HD, Bougatsos C, Nygren P. Universal Newborn Hearing Screening: Systematic Review to Update the 2001 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. AHRQ Publication No. 08-05117-EF-4, July 2008. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/newbornhear/newbornart.htm
33.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0569-A, February 2005. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf05/aaascr/aaars.htm
34.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication No. 10-05144-EF-2, January 2010. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf10/childobes/chobesrs.htm
35.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Depression. May 2002. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/3rduspstf/depression/
36.Screening for Major Depressive Disorder in Children and Adolescents, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspschdepr.htm
37.Meyers, D., Wolff, T., Gregory, K., et al. USPSTF Recommendations for STI Screening. Originally published in Am Fam Physician 2008;77:819-824. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf08/methods/stinfections.htm
38.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia—Including Iron Supplementation for Children and Pregnant Women: Recommendation Statement. Publication No. AHRQ 06-0589, May 2006. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf06/ironsc/ironrs.htm
39.Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care to Reduce Alcohol Misuse, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsdrin.htm
40.Screening for Breast Cancer, Topic Page. July 2010. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrca.htm
41.Genetic Risk Assessment and BRCA Mutation Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility, Topic Page. April 2013. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrgen.htm
42.Liquid-Based Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Testing to Screen for Cervical Cancer. A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf11/cervcancer/cervcancerupd.htm
43.Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsasmi.htm
44.Folic Acid to Prevent Neural Tube Defects, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsnrfol.htm
45.Screening for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults, Topic Page. July 2008. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbact.htm
46.Lazarus, Ethan. AMA House of Delegates Adopts Policy to Recognize Obesity as a Disease. American Society of Bariatric Physicians. Last Updated on Friday, 21 June 2013. Accessed 8/29/2013. http://www.asbp.org/asbpmedia/newsreleases/71-asbparticle2-3.html
47.Screening for and Management of Obesity in Adults, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsobes.htm
48.Behavioral Counseling to Prevent Skin Cancer, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsskco.htm
49.Behavioral Counseling to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsstds.htm
50.Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer, Topic Page. July 2002. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrpv.htm
51.Screening for Breast Cancer, Topic Page. July 2010. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrca.htm
52.Screening for Cervical Cancer, Topic Page. April 2012. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscerv.htm
53.Screening for Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse of Elderly and Vulnerable Adults: Draft Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication No. 12-05167-EF-2. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf12/ipvelder/draftrecipvelder.htm
54.Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, Andrews KS, Brooks D, Bond J, Dash C, Giardiello FM, Glick S, Johnson D, Johnson CD, Levin TR, Pickhardt PJ, Rex DK, Smith RA, Thorson A, Winawer SJ; American Cancer Society Colorectal Cancer Advisory Group; US Multi-Society Task Force; American College of Radiology Colon Cancer Committee. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology. 2008 May;134(5):1570-95. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.002. Epub 2008 Feb 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18384785
55.Prevention of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Topic Page. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsfalls.htm