The studies mentioned thus far on beta-carotene suggest a lower risk of mortality stems from beta carotene intake from food sources but not beta-carotene supplements. The benefit may also come from other substances in the vegetable food source and not necessarily the beta carotene itself.
For the prevention of cancer or cardiovascular disease, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against the use of beta-carotene supplements, alone or in combination. According to the USPSTF, there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of vitamins A, C, or E supplements or multivitamins with folic acid or antioxidant combinations for the prevention of cancer or cardiovascular disease. (72)
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