Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: Maintain favorable levels of vitamin D in all patients with any risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Vitamin D is not established as a direct cause of cardiovascular disease, but vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher incidence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus type 2 (113). A retrospective analysis showed that patients with diabetes mellitus have a very low 25-hydroxy vitamin D level, and also found that high levels of triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HbA1C had a consistent association with vitamin D deficiency in type 2 diabetes patients (112).
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